Hypertension

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries remains consistently elevated. Over time, this increased pressure can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.

Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats). Hypertension is typically diagnosed when these readings are persistently higher than normal levels during repeated measurements.

In many cases, hypertension has no obvious symptoms, which is why it is often called a “silent” condition. However, in some individuals, severe or long-standing high blood pressure may be associated with headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, or vision changes.

There are two main types of hypertension: primary (essential) hypertension, which develops gradually without a clear cause, and secondary hypertension, which results from underlying conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or certain medications.

Diagnosis is made through repeated blood pressure measurements using a cuff device, along with medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests to identify contributing factors or complications.

Treatment focuses on lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of complications. Lifestyle changes such as reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, limiting alcohol, and stopping smoking are important first steps. Medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers may also be prescribed depending on the patient’s condition.

Overall, hypertension is a common but serious condition. With proper management and regular monitoring, most people can effectively control their blood pressure and reduce the risk of long-term complications.